Lewis Game Pieces

The Lewis game pieces are some of the most well-known medieval artefacts, admired for their intricate craftsmanship and historical significance. Unearthed in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland, they showcase the exceptional craftsmanship of their creators and offer a rare glimpse into the cultural and economic exchanges of the time. These intricately carved figures not only highlight the artistic traditions of medieval Scandinavia but also provide insight into the strategic games that shaped the minds of the elite, reflecting broader themes of power, trade, and societal structure.

The Origins of the Lewis Hoard

The Lewis hoard originally comprised 93 carved figures, believed to have been crafted by Scandinavian artisans. Many scholars suggest these pieces were produced in workshops associated with Trondheim’s Nidaros Cathedral and the Archbishop’s Palace. During the early 13th century, when the hoard was buried, the Hebrides were under Norwegian rule, reinforcing the likelihood of a Scandinavian origin.

The carving style of the Lewis pieces aligns with medieval Norwegian artistry. A game piece discovered in Trondheim bears remarkable similarities to those in the hoard, and the elaborate thrones featured in the Lewis figures resemble decorations in Norwegian medieval churches. Although the hoard was dispersed after its discovery by a merchant named Ririe, the connections to Norwegian craftsmanship indicate the game pieces were part of a broader Nordic tradition of ivory carving.

The Walrus Ivory Trade in the Medieval Economy

Most of the Lewis game pieces were carved from walrus ivory, a highly valued material sourced primarily from Greenland. The medieval walrus ivory trade played a significant role in the European economy, with tusks transported from Greenland through Norway to various markets across the continent. A few pieces from the hoard were crafted from sperm whale teeth, illustrating the diversity of materials used in medieval luxury goods.

The collection can be categorised into different groups based on size, craftsmanship, and design, suggesting at least four distinct sets were present within the hoard. Variations in facial expressions and clothing styles further support the idea of multiple carvers contributing to a single workshop.

Traces of Colour and Missing Pieces

One of the mysteries surrounding the Lewis game pieces is their original appearance. While they are now uncoloured, medieval sources indicate that such game pieces were often painted to distinguish opposing sides. Scientific analysis has detected traces of mercury on some of the Lewis pieces, hinting that they may have originally been coloured red with cinnabar (mercury sulphide).

Despite the hoard’s significant size, it was not a complete set. This has led to speculation that some pieces may have been lost over time or separated before the hoard’s burial. Whether additional pieces remain undiscovered is a question that continues to intrigue researchers.

The Berserker and Warrior Imagery

One of the most striking figures in the Lewis hoard is a piece resembling a berserker warrior, depicted biting his shield. This dramatic posture is believed to represent the legendary berserkers of Nordic sagas—fierce warriors who fought with frenzied intensity, often described as immune to pain and fear. The berserker piece, likely a rook in the chess set, adds a distinctly Scandinavian martial element to the collection, reinforcing its connection to Viking Age warrior culture.

Chess and Strategy in Medieval Scandinavia

Chess, originating in the Islamic world, became a popular game among the European elite by the medieval period. It was more than mere entertainment—it functioned as a demonstration of strategic acumen, mirroring military and political tactics. The Lewis pieces exhibit strong resemblances to modern chess designs, underscoring the game’s enduring legacy.

In addition to chess, some of the Lewis pieces may have been used for hnefatafl, a Scandinavian board game predating chess. In hnefatafl, a king and his guards attempt to escape capture, symbolising leadership and warfare. Archaeological excavations in medieval Scottish sites, including Whithorn and Inchmarnock, have uncovered game boards tailored for hnefatafl. The Lewis hoard also contained pieces for tables, an early form of backgammon, with similar examples found on the Isle of Rum.

A Window into Medieval Trade and Craftsmanship

The Lewis game pieces provide a rare glimpse into the artistic and economic landscape of medieval Scandinavia. They stand as a testament to the intricate craftsmanship of Nordic artisans and the far-reaching influence of the walrus ivory trade. Through ongoing research and analysis, these artefacts continue to shed light on the connections between trade, art, and power in the medieval world.